Rafting

Rafting or white water rafting is the challenging recreational outdoor activity of using an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. This is often done on white water or different degrees of rough water, in order to thrill and excite the raft passengers. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) rafts with double-bladed paddles to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour guide at the stern. It is considered an extreme sport, and can be fatal.
The modern raft is an inflatable boat, consisting of very durable, multi-layered rubberized (hypalon) or vinyl fabrics (PVC) with several independent air chambers. Typical lengths vary from 6 m (20 ft) (with a width of 2.5 m (8 ft)) down to very portable single-person packrafts which may be as small as 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long and weigh as little as 4 pounds (1.8 kg).

Techniques and Tricks :

Rafts in white water are very different vehicles than canoes or kayaks and have their own specific techniques to maneuver through whitewater obstacles. The following lists give examples of these techniques.

• Punching – Rafts carry great momentum, and on rivers hydraulics that are dodged by canoes and kayaks are often punched by rafts. This involves the rafting crew paddling the raft to give it enough speed to push through the hydraulic without getting stopped.
• High siding – If a raft is caught in a hydraulic it will often quickly go sideways. In order to stop the raft flipping on its inside edge, the rafters can climb to the side of the raft furthest downstream, which will also be the side of the raft highest in the air leading to its name. In this position the rafters may be able to use the draw stroke to pull the raft out of the head

Tricks :

• Rock splats – If the rafters load the back of the raft, they can paddle the raft into a rock on the river, having it hit the bottom of the boat instead of the nose; if done correctly this can raise the raft up vertically on its stern.
• Surfing – Commercial rafts often use waves on rivers to surf.
• Nose dunks – Large self-bailing rafts can enter hydraulics called holes from downstream and submerge their nose, or reverse taco. This can be a safe way to get rafters wet in a hydraulic.
• Pirouette – A move executed by either a sweep or draw stroke, sending the raft spinning with the current. Often useful for avoiding obstacles.
• Back Pivot - Turning the raft from a ferry angle to a bow-downstream position. Used in tight places to recover from an extreme ferry angle, this maneuver narrows the passing space of the boat and allows it to slide closely past obstructions.

Whitewater Rafting Checklist :

• Bathing Suit (if it is warm out)
• T-shirt (if it is warm out)
• Sun block and lip balm
• Sunglasses (optional)
• Eye Glass Straps (if needed)
• Old Sneakers, neoprene booties, or river shoes
• Waterproof Camera
• Energy Bar for the river (the outfitter may provide this)
• Water or Gatorade (the outfitter may provide this)
• Small Dry Bag (if they let you take it on the raft)
• Zip Lock Baggies (to keep small things dry]
• Towel or towels
• Plastic Bag(s) (for wet things such as sneakers)
• Change of Clothes (for the drive back)
• Snack and drink (for the drive back)
• Driver’s license (if renting wetsuits and other gear)

BMX Bike

A BMX bike is an off-road sport bicycle used for racing and stunt riding. BMX means bicycle motocross. Though originally denoting a bicycle intended for BMX Racing, the term "BMX bike" is now used to encompass race bikes, as well as those used for the dirt, vert, park, street, flatland and BMX freestyle disciplines of BMX. BMX frames are made of various types of steel, and (largely in the racing category) aluminum. Cheaper, low end bikes are usually made of steel. High range bikes are mostly chromoly or high tensile steel, although the latter is noticeably heavier with respect to strength. High-performance BMX bikes use lightweight 4130 chromoly, or generation 3 chromoly.
Most freestyle, street, and park BMX bikes, the wheels have 36 spokes. Race bike wheels are also usually 36 spokes, but wheels for the smallest racers, sometimes as young as three years old, can be built with 18 or 28 spokes. More aggressive riders may opt for wheels with a spoke count of up to 48 spokes, however hub and wheel combinations for this are becoming difficult to source.

BMX Tricks and tips :

Scuffing - Using feet on the tires to maintain speed, to brake, or to stall the bike.

Hitchhiker - When the rider is rolling with feet on the front pegs and holding the back tire up so that the handlebars are just skimming the ground.

Dumptruck - When the rider rides on the back wheel facing backwards, with one foot on the peg and the other foot scuffing the tire in the direction the rider is facing.

Steamroller - When a rider rolls forward with one foot on a front peg and the other foot maintaining balance while one hand holds the handlebar and the other hand holds the seat with the frame of the bike in front of the rider.

Whiplash - When a rider rolls forward and does a tailwhip while standing on the front pegs.

Because of the nasty spills riders can encounter in BMX, riders wear helmets, long-sleeved jerseys and pants, and gloves. The long-sleeves are intended to provide protection from abrasion in case of crashes. The helmets -- unlike regular cycling helmets -- feature full masks to protect the rider's entire face. Riders can also wear elbow and knee pads as well as chest protectors and shinguards, but those are less common in high-level competitions like the Olympics.

Mountain bike

Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain.

Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories: cross country (XC), trail riding, all mountain, downhill,freeride, slopestyle, dirt jumping, and trials. The vast majority of mountain biking falls into the recreational XC,Trail Riding and Enduro categories.

This individual sport requires endurance, core strength and balance, bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders pursue steep technical descents and, in the case of freeriding, downhilling, and dirt jumping, aerial maneuvers off both natural features and specially constructed jumps and ramps.

Mountain bikes are typically ridden on single track trails, fire roads, logging roads, and other unpaved environments. These types of terrain commonly include rocks, washouts, ruts, loose sand, loose gravel, roots, and steep grades (both inclines and declines). Mountain bikes are built to handle this terrain and the obstacles that are found in it like logs, vertical drop offs, and smaller boulders.

Mountain bike construction differs from a typical bicycle in many ways. The most noticeable differences are the inclusion of suspension on the frame and fork, larger knobby tires, more durable heavy duty wheels, more powerful brakes, and lower gear ratios needed for steep grades with poor traction.

Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails, whether country back roads, fire roads, or singletrack (narrow trails that wind through forests, mountains, deserts, or fields). There are aspects of mountain biking that are more similar to trail running than regular bicycling. Because riders are often far from civilization, there is a strong ethic of self-reliance in the sport. Riders learn to repair their broken bikes or flat tires to avoid being stranded miles from help. Many riders will carry a backpack, including a water bladder, containing all the essential tools and equipment for trailside repairs, and many riders also carry emergency supplies in the case of injury miles from outside help. Club rides and other forms of group rides are common, especially on longer treks. A combination sport named mountain bike orienteering adds the skill of map navigation to mountain biking.

Bike Tips :

•  Gear shifting should only be attempted while pedaling smoothly with light pressure on the pedals. riders have to plan ahead and shift to a lower gear before they are halfway up the hill and aren't able to let off pedal pressure to make a smooth shift.
•  Chain lube is not always your friend. The chain is the only friction surface on a bicycle that needs frequent attention but there are good and bad ways to maintain it.
• Bikes are not weatherproofed. The bike needs to come inside to dry because it is possible to keep a bike running through winter on the salty roads around here but it takes more maintenance.
• All bike tubes lose air pressure at a steady rate. This is primarily due to the light weight of the tubes and tires. 
•  Some ideas for making your cycling more comfortable. Basically if the seat fits you well, most butt soreness goes away as you put the miles on, but standing up on the pedals now and again is good to give it a break.
• Beware of the bent Derailleur Hanger (and loose sticks). When new, your derailleur hangs down straight from the frame.

EQUIPMENT :

Bike

• Mountain bikes differ from other bikes primarily in that they incorporate features aimed at increasing durability and improving performance in rough terrain. 

Accessories

• Gloves are made of heavier construction, and often have covered thumbs or all fingers covered for hand protection. 
• Glasses help protect against debris while on the trail. Filtered lenses, whether yellow for cloudy days or shaded for sunny days, protect the eyes from strain. .
• Shoes generally have gripping soles similar to those of hiking boots for scrambling over un-ridable obstacles, unlike the smooth-bottomed shoes used in road cycling. Generally more flexible than road cycling shoes. 
• Clothing is chosen for comfort during physical exertion in the backcountry, and its ability to withstand falls. 
• Hydration systems are important for mountain bikers in the backcountry, ranging from simple water bottles to water bags with drinking tubes in lightweight backpacks.
• GPS navigation device is sometimes added to the handlebars and is used to display and monitor progress on trails downloaded from the internet or pre-made mapping systems, record trails on the fly, and keep track of trip times and other data. 
• Pump to inflate flat tires.
• Bike tools and extra bike tubes are important, as mountain bikers frequently find themselves miles from help, with flat tires or other mechanical problems that must be handled by the rider.
• High-power lights based on LED technology, especially for mountain biking at night.

Protective gear

• Helmets provide important head protection. 
• Body armor and pads, often referred to simply as "armor", protect limbs and trunk in the event of a crash. 
• First aid kits are often carried by mountain bikers, so that they are able to clean and dress cuts and abrasions and splint broken limbs. 

Skydiving

Parachuting, or Skydiving, is the action sport of exiting an aircraft and returning to Earth with the aid of gravity, then slowing down during the last part of the descent by using a parachute. It may or may not involve a certain amount of free-fall, a time during which the parachute has not been deployed and the body gradually accelerates to terminal velocity. Parachuting is performed as a recreational activity and a competitive sport, as well as for the deployment of military personnel Airborne forces and occasionally forest firefighters. By manipulating the shape of the body in freefall, a skydiver can generate turns, forward motion, backwards motion, and even lift (relative to other jumpers, not the ground).

Tips Skydiving :

• umping from an aircraft with a big piece of material strapped to your back to help you to a safe landing isn’t everyone’s idea of having a good time, but if you’re considering having a go at skydiving there are some good sky diving safety tips you should be aware of in order to minimise any possible risks while doing it.
• Be Health Wise – And Be Honest
• You might be desperate to do a skydive, but when you read the form you are required to sign in order to take part in a jump you notice you have a medical condition which means you cannot sign the form honestly.
• This does not necessarily mean you won’t be able to make the jump, but the sky diving safety tips you will be given are there for your own protection, and you should always be completely honest about any medical conditions which may prove to be a problem. For certain conditions you may be required to obtain your doctor’s approval.
• Other Sky Diving Safety Advice To Consider
• In other cases your instructors should be able to give you sky diving safety advice on what to expect during the jump itself. Landing back on solid ground makes many people nervous, although you probably won’t need to worry about having to tuck and roll as you land. Most people touch the ground and walk away without incident.
• It’s quite understandable to be nervous for your first skydive, even if you are doing a tandem dive and letting your instructor do the hard work. Fear of the unknown is responsible for a lot of this, so it’s always a good idea to talk to your instructor and ask any questions you may have before you jump.
• Good Advice For Beginners And Pros Alike
• Your frame of mind is an important sky diving safety factor to consider when jumping. However experienced you may be, and however eager you are to make your next jump, you should always go through the procedure of checking your equipment.
• Make sure your helmet, goggles and jumpsuit are all in good condition and are comfortable to wear. It might sound like a small thing to consider, but even an itchy chinstrap can be a distraction – and that’s the last thing you need when you are about to deploy your parachute on the way down.

The equipment :

A full set of brand-new equipment can easily cost as much as a new motorcycle or half a small car. The market is not large enough to permit the steady lowering of prices that is seen with some other equipment like computers.

In many countries, the sport supports a used-equipment market. For beginners that is the preferred way to acquire "gear", and has two advantages because users can:

• Try types of parachutes (there are many) to learn which style they prefer, before paying the price for new equipment.
• Acquire a complete system and all the peripheral items in a short time and at reduced cost.

Novices generally start with parachutes that are large and docile relative to the jumper's body-weight. As they improve in skill and confidence, they can graduate to smaller, faster, more responsive parachutes. An active jumper might change parachute canopies several times in the space of a few years, while retaining his or her first harness/container and peripheral equipment.

Older jumpers, especially those who jump only on weekends in summer, sometimes tend in the other direction, selecting slightly larger, more gentle parachutes that do not demand youthful intensity and reflexes on each jump. They may be adhering to the maxim that: "There are old jumpers and there are bold jumpers, but there are no old, bold jumpers." (Pilots have much the same saying.)

Most parachuting equipment is ruggedly designed and is enjoyed by several owners before being retired. Purchasers are always advised to have any potential purchases examined by a qualified parachute rigger. A rigger is trained to spot signs of damage or misuse. Riggers also keep track of industry product and safety bulletins, and can therefore determine if a piece of equipment is up-to-date and serviceable.

Bungee Jumping

Bungee jumping also spelt "Bungy" jumping) is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord. The tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane, but it is also possible to jump from a movable object, such as a hot air balloon or helicopter, that has the ability to hover above the ground. The thrill comes from the free-fallingand the rebound. When the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies upwards again as the cord recoils, and continues to oscillate up and down until all the kinetic energy is dissipated.

For the equipment the elastic rope first used in bungee jumping, and still used by many commercial operators, is factory-produced braided shock cord. This consists of many latex strands enclosed in a tough outer cover. The outer cover may be applied when the latex is pre-stressed, so that the cord's resistance to extension is already significant at the cord's natural length. This gives a harder, sharper bounce. The braided cover also provides significant durability benefits. Other operators, including A.J.Hackett and most southern-hemisphere operators, use unbraided cords with exposed latex strands (pictured at right). These give a softer, longer bounce and can be home-produced.There may be a certain elegance in using only a simple ankle attachment, but accidents where participants became detached led many commercial operators to use a body harness, if only as a backup for an ankle attachment. Body harnesses generally derive from climbing equipment rather than parachute equipment.

The tips:

1. Find a bungee jumping place near you. Make sure this is a legal outfit and not some random guy with a rope on top of a bridge.
2. Know that when you get to your location, the staff there will give you bunch of stuff to sign, including those scary waivers. They will also weigh you (don't worry, no one knows your weight but them) and then will send you up. When you get to the top of the bungee bridge, there will be instructors up there who will prep you. Listen to what they have to say, as it will make your jump more enjoyable. Also, don't be afraid to ask questions- that's what they are there for. The instructors will put padding around your ankles and then attach big elastic bands around your ankles, which will in turn be attached to the actual bungee cord!
3. Listen to when they say go, jump! It's an incredible feeling falling through the air at that speed! Enjoy the ride, and feel free to scream your head off! After the jump, a guy in a boat will come and unhook you from the cords. Be nice to him!
4. Brag about it! You just went bungee jumping- you are instantly super-cool!

Drifting

Drifting is a driving technique where the driver intentionally or unintentionally oversteers, causing loss of traction in the rear wheels or all tires, while maintaining control from entry to exit of a corner. A car is drifting when the rear slip angle is greater than the front slip angle, to such an extent that often the front wheels are pointing in the opposite direction to the turn (e.g. car is turning left, wheels are pointed right or vice versa).

tips:-

• For beginner

1. Set up a cone in the middle of a safe area of tarmac.  Drive up to the cone and rip the handbrake in an attempt to do a 180 degree handbrake turn. Practice this until you are no more, and no less than 180 degrees from when you started.
2. Learn how to counter-steer by ripping the handbrake from a speed of 30-40mph (anything less will cause an inadequate amount of momentum to get you around the cone) and trying to control the car to a destination until the car stops.
3. Increase speed of each of these things until you are comfortable.
4. Try to do the 180 cone too.

• Drifting with rear wheel drive and manual transmission

1. Find a car with both rear-wheel-drive and a manual transmission. Ideally it should be a sports car with as close to a 50/50 ratio as possible, and enough power to keep the tires spinning is ideal.
2. Head to an open area (i.e. an enclosed racetrack) safely free of pedestrians and motorists and police!

• Hand brake technique

1. Accelerate and shift into a gear with room to rev. Second gear is generally used because it allows the widest variance of speed and is best for harnessing the engine's torque.
2. Push in the clutch.
3. Flick the steering wheel to the inside of the turn as if you were going to turn around it. While simultaneously pulling the hand brake.
4. Immediately put some pressure on the gas pedal, let out the clutch, and steer the car in the direction of the slide, using throttle to control the angle of the drift.
5. More Throttle will make the car turn more, and also move the car away from the turn center.
6. Less throttle will reduce angle, and allow the car to move towards the inside of the turn more freely.
7. You're drifting!

•  Clutch kick technique

1. Used while you are already moving to increase angle and/or revive wheel spin.
2. While you are drifting, you may feel the car begin to lose its drift angle and power. If this happens, you can kick the clutch to attempt to revive to tires spinning speed. This is similar to powershifting, and you are in essence trying to 'chirp' the tires again and again.
3. Enter a drift.
4. while you still have the power put on, kick the clutch pedal in and out a few times as fast as you can until the car is drifting again.
5. end with your foot off of the pedal.
6. continue the drift, and when you feel the car begin to lose angle/power try to clutch kick again.

• Drifting rear wheel drive auto

1. Find a large, open area.
2. Accelerate to a speed of 20-30(depending on lot size and room)
3. If possible, lock the transmission into a low gear to provide maximum torque
4. Turn the wheel hard and floor it. You should feel the rear end slide around if this is done correctly. Only use full throttle to start the drift, after this you should use proper throttle control to continue through the corner.

•  Preparing to drift with a front wheel drive car

1. Go to a large, open area.
2. Pull the handbrake or use the parking brake, riding it out the first time or two to get over your initial fear.
3. Set up a cone in the middle of the lot.
4. Drive up to it at speed (between 20 and 30 is desired).
5. Pull the hand brake and turn toward the cone. Immediately after you feel the back end come around, turn to the opposite direction. This is known as opposite lock.
6. Repeat the opposite lock at that speed until you can control your car well.Practice this for at least several weeks regularly until it becomes second nature. (Don't do this on roadways. It is dangerous to others and can get you fined.)
7. Slowly increase speed until you are proficient in a speed you are comfortable with. Get to know that speed--you should never drift above that speed unless you are practicing.
8. Upgrade. At the same initial speed, flick the steering wheel opposite of the turn and swing it all the way into toward the CONE (not turn, you aren't ready at this stage). As before, when you feel the rear end come around, go to opposite lock.

• Drifting with a front wheel drive car

1. Approach a turn at a comfortable speed, preferably in mid 2nd gear.
2. Pull the handbrake while turning into the corner, try not to lock the rear wheels.
3. You should still have the power on, try not to go less than 1/2 throttle at any time during the drift.
4. When you feel the car start to understeer, and lose angle, pull the brake harder.
5. When the car seems to turn too much, give it progressively more throttle, and release the handbrake some.
6. Don't tense up, just feel it.

Parkour

Parkour is a holistic training discipline using movement that developed from military obstacle course training.Practitioners aim to get from A to B in the most efficient way possible.They do this using only their bodies and their surroundings to propel themselves; furthermore, they try to maintain as much momentum as is possible in a safe manner. Parkour can include obstacle courses, running, climbing, swinging, vaulting,jumping, rolling, quadrupedal, movement, and the like, depending on what movement is deemed most suitable for the given situation. 

Parkour is a non-competitive activity, which can be practiced alone or with others. It can be practiced in any location, but is usually practiced in urban spaces. Parkour involves seeing one's environment in a new way, and imagining the potentialities for movement around it.

There is no official list of "moves" in parkour, however the style in which practitioners move often sets them apart from others. Some examples of the ways in which practitioners move:

• running towards a high wall and then jumping and pushing off the wall with a foot to reach the top of the wall
• moving from a position hanging from a wall-top or ledge, to standing on the top or vaulting over to the other side
• Vaulting over obstacles
• jumping and landing accurately with the feet on small or narrow obstacles
• jumping and catching a ledge with the hands while the feet land on the vertical surface below.
• using a rolling motion to help absorb large impacts

There is no equipment required, although practitioners normally train wearing light, non restrictive casual clothing:

• If anything is worn on the upper body, it is usually a light garment such as a T-shirt, sleeveless shirt, or crop top.
• Most commonly sweatpants are used on the lower body, although some                                                  wear tracksuit bottoms or shorts.

Comfortable running shoes, ones that are generally light, with good grip and flexibility are encouraged. Various sport-shoes manufacturers, such as Nike, with its Nike free shoes, have developed shoes specifically for parkour and freerunning; and many other companies around the world have started offering parkour-specific products. Some practitioners use thin athletic gloves to protect the hands, most do not, preferring the increased grip and tactile feedback. Since Parkour is closely related to méthode naturelle, practitioners sometimes train barefooted to be able to move efficiently without depending on their gear. Some traceurs also like the feiyue martial arts shoes for their light weight, thin sole, and flexibility. David Belle notes: "bare feet are the best shoes!"

UITM Student

Student in UITM Lendu Alor Gajah also do some extreme things. This is the video from Art and Design student, they do motocross, parkour, and longboard.

Extreme Sports

Extreme sports also called action sports, aggro sports, and adventure sports, it is a popular term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion, and highly specialized gear.

The definition of an extreme sport is not exact and the origin of the term is unclear, but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games and when the Extreme Sports Channel and Extreme.com launched.

Extreme sports are rarely sanctioned by schools. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than traditional sports. Beginning extreme athletes tend to work on their craft without the guidance of a coach (though some may hire a coach later).

Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect the outcome of the given activity or event.